Guide for Federal Implementers of Comprehensive Land Claims and Self-Government Agreements

Progress and Accomplishments to Date

CLCAs and SGAs in Canada have been successful in promoting strong and self-reliant Aboriginal communities. A 2009 evaluation of four of the more mature CLCAs^{Footnote 6} indicated that the agreements have brought clarity and certainty to settlement lands, enabling Aboriginal groups to benefit from resource development and helping to create a positive environment for investment. CLCAs have also had a positive impact on the role of Aboriginal people in their settlement area's economy and their relations with industry, as well as ensuring that they have a meaningful and effective voice in land and resource management decision-making. Furthermore, these agreements help protect Aboriginal signatories' traditional way of life. The federal government benefits as well by moving closer to achieving its broad priorities for Canadians.

By entering into CLCAs and SGAs, the signatories commit to a series of obligations that further the goals of all parties – to improve the social well-being and economic prosperity of Aboriginal people; to develop healthier, more sustainable communities; and to promote the participation of Aboriginal Canadians in Canada's political, social and economic environment to the benefit of all Canadians. These goals are reflected in Canada's Aboriginal agenda, in INAC's vision and mandate, and in the Aboriginal programs and policies of other federal departments.

However, CLCAs and SGAs are not, nor were they intended to be, the only means of achieving these goals. There are a number of other federal initiatives that influence and support these objectives. While the federal government makes significant investments in the implementation of CLCAs and in support of Aboriginal self-government, these efforts are only a part of the federal government's overall strategy to improve the social and economic well-being of Aboriginal peoples. This is achieved not only directly, through CLCAs and SGAs, but also indirectly, through other collaborative measures that improve the lives of Aboriginal people in Canada.

The New Relationship

One of the key outcomes of CLCAs and SGAs is the creation of new government-to-government relationships. CLCAs and SGAs fundamentally change the relationship between the Crown, provincial/territorial governments and Aboriginal signatories. (Please see Annex 2 for examples of these new relationships/jurisdictions).

CLCAs and SGAs are legally binding contracts for signatories. Furthermore, the rights set out in CLCAs are constitutionally protected under section 35. To honour the relationships that the parties enter into (and the obligations therein), Canada, writ large, must work with the other signatories to fulfill federal obligations and make progress toward mutual goals. The interpretation and implementation of the agreements is based on recognition of the fundamental principles that guide the management of rights protected under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982^{Footnote 7}. The honour of the Crown is at stake in the federal government's management of its relations with Aboriginal signatories to the agreements. Moreover, there is a potential cost to the federal government, including litigation and the potential for significant additional liability, if it does not implement its obligations.

The role of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) is to coordinate these relationships on behalf of Canada and to be accountable for its performance in doing so. However, it must be stressed that the agreements are entered into on behalf of the Government of Canada writ large. While INAC plays an important coordination and accountability role, many other federal departments contribute to the implementation of CLCAs and SGAs.

It is critical that each federal department enter into the implementation relationship with a solid understanding of the new political and socio-economic regime created by CLCAs and SGAs. This includes direct obligations and more indirect obligations (Annex 3), such as the need to take the provisions of the agreements into account when designing new departmental programs and services. As such, it is imperative that federal departments remain aware of the provisions of CLCAs and SGAs to ensure they are meeting their legal obligations in a manner consistent with the new government-to-government relationships created by the agreements.

Guiding the Federal Government's Management of Agreements – the Way Forward

After more than 30 years of implementation experience, the importance of the agreements to the signatories and to the country as a whole is evident, as are the benefits to the signatories and the implicated communities.

Areas for improvement have also been identified through the experience of the signatories, as well as through internal and external evaluation processes. Consequently, INAC and the federal government as a whole are now taking the opportunity to build on these lessons learned in collaboration with their signatory partners. This guide is one step in a comprehensive strategy to strengthen federal implementation policies and processes. This strategy will be discussed in more detail in this document.

The task for Canada is to implement agreements in a way that respects the overall goals and special nature of these agreements. This means finding an approach to fulfilling Crown obligations that goes beyond doing the minimum required – one that reflects the federal government's view of what was agreed to by the parties at the time the agreement was negotiated.

The challenges faced in implementing treaties in no way outweigh the benefits they provide. The federal government believes that CLCAs and SGAs are significant achievements and that much progress has already been made.

That said, we must continue to challenge ourselves to face and resolve difficult issues, and constantly consider how we might improve our approach to implementing these agreements and ensuring mutually respectful relationships that acknowledge these new governments.

This guide intends to raise awareness within the federal system of what CLCAs and SGAs mean to Canada, to discuss roles and responsibilities, and to provide guidance to help ensure that Canada's obligations are met.

3-1 How are Agreements Implemented?

The process of negotiating a CLCA or SGA, or some combination of the two, is a major undertaking. Once an agreement is signed and brought into effect, a new phase begins for the signatories.

Agreements significantly change the relationships between the signatories and other stakeholders. To make these new relationships work in the long term, the parties must continue to communicate and work together.

In the case of a CLCA, each party must maintain the new relationship by fulfilling the many legal obligations it has assumed and by creating mutually supportive partnerships. SGAs involve similar obligations and promote new relationships between the signatories as well. Such new relationships change the political and socio-economic landscape markedly.

3-2 Phases of Implementation

The implementation of CLCAs and SGAs can be divided into four distinct phases. There is no set timeframe for these phases, but they give an indication of how the relationships developed by the agreements evolve.

• Planning Phase
  • This phase includes the development and adoption of implementation chapters, implementation plans and associated documents such as the Financial Transfer Agreement/Fiscal Financing Agreement (FTA/FFA). Each signatory is deeply involved in these activities through tripartite negotiations based on research, analysis and policy direction.
  • INAC plays the lead role on behalf of the Crown during the planning phase. All implicated federal departments are consulted by federal negotiators when implementation chapters or financial agreements relate to their mandates. Implementation chapters are presented for consultation and approval at Federal Caucus and the Federal Steering Committee.
• Set-up Phase
  • The set-up phase starts on the date the agreement goes into effect and involves the establishment of key governance, financial, policy and program management structures for Aboriginal signatory groups, as well as key adjustments to pre-existing structures for provincial/territorial and federal signatories. During this phase, the parties work to define and strengthen the tripartite government-to-government relationships established by the agreement.
  • During set-up, the Crown is responsible for a number of initial obligations, including land survey, transfer and registry; the transfer of information and resources to other signatories; and the establishment of financial transfers.
  • The signatories must develop monitoring and reporting regimes during this phase to ensure that obstacles to implementation are identified and addressed appropriately.
  • During the set-up phase, the signatories will establish implementation committees (ICs) to manage on-the-ground implementation activities, provide a venue for the signatories to discuss implementation and resolve issues as they arise.
• Adjustment Phase
  • The adjustment phase generally dovetails with mandated review and renewal exercises laid out in the agreements, often 10 years after the effective date.
  • These reviews and renewals allow the signatories to reflect on implementation experience to date, and to rethink and realign approaches and resources if necessary.
  • All implicated federal departments participate in mandated reviews when subject matter relates to their mandate; this happens by means of bilateral discussions with INAC and, at times, the Implementation Committee; through Federal Caucus and the Federal Steering Committee; and through the Central Agencies Review Working Group. INAC is responsible for briefing Federal Caucus on any results or recommendations that stem from reviews.
• Mature Phase
  • This phase involves the stable, consistent implementation of the agreement, in terms of resources, structures, program delivery and government-to-government relationships. During this phase, signatory groups often establish long-term visions and new priorities.
  • Federal departments continue to fulfill their ongoing implementation obligations, in areas such as contracting, land and resource co-management, and land access notification. Federal departments also continue to participate, when appropriate, in IC proceedings and in government-wide (and intergovernmental) implementation policy discussions via Federal Caucus and the Federal Steering Committee (FSC).

Although this guide largely focuses on the phases of treaty implementation after an agreement goes into effect, the roles of all federal departments and agencies in the preparatory and negotiations phases are equally important. Negotiating workable and realistic agreements provides the foundation for productive post-treaty relations. Further information on federal departmental roles throughout the implementation phases can be found in the Implementation Handbook.

The Implementation Handbook was developed to guide federal implementers at various stages, whether preparing for negotiations, developing implementation plans or managing implementation after the effective date. Together with this guide, the Handbook offers practical advice and resources to help implementers from federal departments fulfill their legal obligations under CLCAs and SGAs.

3-3 Implementation Planning

The Implementation Plan is one of the key tools that facilitate the transition to the new relationship created by CLCAs and SGAs. While the CLCA or SGA defines the new relationship and lays out signatories' obligations, the implementation plan and other associated documents (e.g., financial agreements) create a roadmap to guide signatories toward fulfilling their individual and mutual obligations. Although implementation plans are generally not legally binding documents, they are of key importance to an orderly implementation process.

Implementation plans operationalize the obligations of the signatories. Although implementation plans vary by agreement, they generally contain the following:

• concrete activities required to fulfill obligations laid out in the agreement;
• parties' respective roles and responsibilities in carrying out the activities;
• timeframe for completion of the activities;
• parties' mutual understanding about resource allocation to carry out activities; and
• any planning assumptions that provide additional context for the parties' interpretation of the implementation plan in the future.

An example of a typical activity sheet from an implementation plan is included in Annex 4.

The implementation plan is provided with the CLCA or SGA to all stakeholders. It is an important reference and management tool for the signatories after the effective date. They use it in a number of ways as set out below.

• The Implementation Plan is an important long-term planning tool. As the signatories work toward fulfilling specific obligations, they refer to the implementation plan to help them lay out a tangible workplan and timeframe.
• The signatories refer to the implementation plan to assist with a number of ongoing monitoring and reporting processes. For example, during periodic implementation reviews, the parties often use implementation plans as benchmarks to measure their success in fulfilling the clauses of the agreement.
• When the signatories encounter a disagreement or a difference of interpretation in the source CLCA or SGA, the implementation plan may provide guidance.
• The implementation plan may also lay out the specifics of financial arrangements, including amounts and timeframes for payment.
• Additionally, the implementation plan serves as an educational tool for federal departments and external stakeholders, helping to clarify their responsibilities and how those responsibilities fit into the broader context of agreements.

Traditionally, implementation plans have focused on the formal obligations of the signatories, breaking these down into activities and schedules. While this is important, the implementation management stage of a CLCA or SGA is much more than a collection of activities. The new relationship created by CLCAs and SGAs must evolve to reflect the new realities of the agreements.

3-4 Implementation Committees

Implementation committees (ICs), sometimes referred to as implementation working groups, are bodies mandated by the agreements or created as a practical arrangement between the signatories. ICs are mandated to operate throughout the existence of the agreement. After the effective date, they are the key implementation management bodies, consisting of members from each signatory group. Generally, committee mandates call for members from all signatory groups to meet at regular intervals throughout the year and to remain in regular contact.

The responsibilities of these committees generally include, but are not limited to:

• addressing implementation issues at periodic meetings and through communication networks;
• liaising with external stakeholders such as boards and committees;
• coordinating the production of Annual Reports;
• conducting mandated reviews of the agreements;
• acting as a first line of dispute resolution between signatories; and
• providing a line of communication between forum members and senior-level decision-makers in each party.

Canada's designated representative on ICs is often at the Director General or Director level, and is usually a member of the INAC Implementation Branch (IB) in the Treaties and Aboriginal Government Sector (Annex 5). As Canada's representative, the federal IC member is responsible for coordinating and participating in IC business on behalf of all federal departments.

The IC representative will also work to maintain awareness of IC business and decision-making throughout all federal departments. Every implicated federal department receives information about IC business and meeting schedules from the IC representative. Regional caucus meetings are often the venue for the IC representative to inform federal departments of IC issues. As a result, regional caucus meetings are often scheduled directly before IC meetings. The IC representative will ask federal departments to get involved in committee work-planning, agenda-making, meetings, reviews and activities when their departmental mandate is involved. Officials from departments' regional offices will often play this role through the regional caucus.

3-5 Implementing Bodies

Implementing bodies (institutes of public government, boards and committees) are arm's-length bodies created as part of CLCAs and SGAs to serve as forums to address and promote specific sections of the agreements.

These boards and committees play an important advisory role for the agreements' signatories in areas such as joint or cooperative land use planning, fish and wildlife management, human resources development, training, and environmental assessment.

Generally, boards and committees consist of members nominated by each of the agreements' signatory groups at the political level. Members may be government employees, members of the private sector or any other appropriate delegate. Members must possess relevant knowledge and experience. The Minister for INAC plays an integral role in appointing federal members to these bodies. In some cases, other federal departments are responsible for appointing members as well.

3-6 Obligations

The concept of obligations is a central element of both CLCAs and SGAs. This is how the federal government views obligations:

How are the signatories obligated?

CLCAs and SGAs, and the rights contained therein, are legislated – all agreements consist of legally binding contracts between the parties. Some are protected under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982. Those that are not have legal weight via statutory obligations. As such, each signatory is legally obligated to fulfill its responsibilities as laid out in the agreements.

Who is obligated?

All signatories to CLCAs or SGAs are obligated to fulfill the obligations laid out in the agreements. In Canada's case, the agreements are signed on behalf of the Crown by the Minister for INAC. All implicated federal departments and agencies must ensure that implementation obligations that fall under their mandate are fulfilled appropriately and in a timely manner.

What is the relationship between obligations and objectives?

By entering into CLCAs and SGAs, the signatories commit to a series of legally binding obligations. These obligations are considered concrete steps the signatories can take to achieve broader objectives, which are often included in the agreements as "vision statements." The objectives found in CLCAs and SGAs often echo Canada's Aboriginal agenda (as reflected in INAC's departmental mandate), which is to improve the social well-being and economic prosperity of Aboriginal people; to develop healthier, more sustainable communities; and to promote the participation of Aboriginal Canadians in Canada's political, social and economic development to the benefit of all Canadians. Essentially, the obligations, as they are laid out in implementation plans, provide a concrete and measurable "roadmap" the parties can use to navigate toward the achievement of their broader collective goals.

Canada does not consider the fulfillment of obligations within the agreements and implementation plans to be the only means of achieving the broad objectives reflected in CLCAs and SGAs. Other federal, provincial/territorial, Aboriginal and private sector initiatives and resources (financial and otherwise) outside of the agreements play an important role in doing so. Furthermore, like any government, Canada must make decisions and develop priorities based on available resources and other principles such as affordability, efficiency, feasibility and capacity.

What types of obligations are found in the agreements?

1. One-time obligations: These are obligations that usually take place early in the post-effective date period. They include activities like payment of capital transfers, survey of settlement lands, and the establishment of mandated boards and committees. Each federal department is responsible for obligations that fall under its mandate.
2. Contingent obligations: Contingent obligations are triggered by a future event and require one or more parties to fulfill them. For example, the establishment of a new national park may trigger an obligation to negotiate an impact and benefits agreement; wildlife harvesting opportunities might trigger a right of first refusal; and government accessing of settlement lands may trigger notification obligations.
3. Ongoing obligations: These types of obligations require regular or periodic action on the parts of one or more parties. Examples include ongoing participation on committees; preparation of reviews and periodic public reports; ongoing operation of boards and committees; and issuing of fishing licences.
4. Permissive provisions: Permissive provisions are things that the parties, collectively or individually, may choose to do. They are not considered "obligations" in the commonly understood sense, although they are goals set together by the parties. Generally, signatories do not receive funds to undertake permissive provisions.

The Relationship Between Common Law and Obligations

It is important to note that Canadian common law and the results of ongoing court decisions may result in new federal obligations that are associated with, but not explicitly part of, CLCAs and SGAs.

3-7 Funding Considerations

Implementation plans are used by the signatories to establish budgets for any implementing bodies created through the agreement and to identify activities and/or projects that will generate incremental costs for federal departments. Funding commitments made during implementation planning or fiscal agreement negotiations are limited to the financial mandate approved by Cabinet. Implementation negotiators plan for the implementation of the agreement within this financial mandate and design implementation activities with considerations such as cost effectiveness, economies of scale, efficiency and capacity in mind. Federal departments with mandates/obligations within a CLCA or SGA are consulted both on a bilateral basis throughout the negotiations stage, and at Federal Caucus and the Federal Steering Committee to identify costs and approve financial arrangements in implementation plans.

Federal ratification of the final agreement requires both Cabinet and Treasury Board approval of the funds to implement the agreement. Cabinet approves access to new funding, as required, and Treasury Board approves adjustments to the various departmental spending authorities required to implement the agreement. Depending on the type of implementation activity, funding may either be time-limited or ongoing.

When Canada enters into CLCAs and SGAs with Aboriginal groups, funding is approved by the federal government for:

• settlement benefits^{Footnote 8}, such as financial transfers, resource revenue-sharing arrangements and other financial benefits; and
• incremental costs for Canada (federal departments with implementation obligations) and Aboriginal signatories to implement the new agreement.

Contingent obligations, triggered by certain events that require a future activity and, potentially, a further cost, are difficult to predict. It may be possible to access additional funding when such activities and projects are triggered to ensure Canada's obligations are fulfilled. However, careful planning is required to ensure timely access to funding. With the concurrence of central agencies, Treasury Board submissions can be prepared to make adjustments to departmental spending authorities to access funds to fulfill these contingent obligations.

The ongoing implementation of CLCA and SGA obligations requires periodic review of implementation progress and renewal of funding commitments. INAC's Implementation Branch plays a lead role in conducting reviews and negotiating the renewal of funding agreements with the other parties. When renewal negotiations require increased funding, management frameworks exist to provide guidance on how new funding can be accessed, including the process for obtaining financial mandates. Each federal department is responsible for assessing its incremental funding requirements for implementing CLCA and SGA obligations, and for using the Treasury Board submission process to request/access additional funds.

4-1 Principles of Federal Collaboration

Federal departments have ultimate responsibility to conduct their implementation activities according to the "three Cs": clarity, consistency and coordination. INAC takes a lead role, however, in strengthening and maintaining these principles with its federal colleagues.

4-2 Federal Government Departments and Agencies

4-3 Other Signatories

For a brief summary of both Aboriginal and provincial/territorial signatories' roles and responsibilities pursuant to CLCAs and SGAs, please consult Annex 6.

5-1 Federal Coordination and Decision-Making

5-2 Information Sharing

The exchange of information and the cultivation of networks of federal implementers ensures successful federal collaboration. The implementation management framework includes a number of tools to achieve this.

5-3 Monitoring and Reporting

Monitoring and reporting are essential in overseeing implementation progress, for addressing issues that arise during signatories' implementation work, and for incorporating lessons learned into implementation and negotiation policies and processes.

Monitoring and reporting mechanisms also keep federal implementers accountable to senior management, Parliament, the Canadian public and their fellow signatories for compliance with agreement obligations. Existing monitoring and reporting tools include:

• collaborative review processes mandated in the agreements themselves;
• INAC-led federal initiatives; and
• evaluations by outside parties.

Annex 1 – Lexicon

Aboriginal government: The governing body of a land-based Aboriginal group that may have jurisdiction and may exercise authority on Aboriginal lands.

Aboriginal institution: An institution serving Aboriginal people that may exercise authority with respect to an Aboriginal group.

Aboriginal lands:

• Reserved lands within the meaning of the Indian Act;
• Land claim settlement lands over which Aboriginal governments may exercise jurisdiction;
• Métis settlement areas, as defined in section 1(p) of the Métis Settlements Act, S.A. 1990, c. M-14.3, and any other lands that may be provided by the provinces and are subject to similar regimes;
• Lands held by, or on behalf of, an Aboriginal group under conditions where they would constitute "lands reserved for the Indians" under section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867; and
• Any other land that is designated Aboriginal land by agreement of the Aboriginal group, Canada and, where affected, the relevant province or territory.

Aboriginal peoples: The Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples of Canada.

Agreement: A negotiated agreement dealing with any aspect of land claims or self-government as provided for under this approach.

Agreement-in-Principle (AIP): An agreement preliminary to a final agreement that addresses, in some degree of detail, the full range of issues to be covered by the final agreement.

Authority: Any authority other than a law-making authority, such as the authority to deliver or administer programs or services, or to enforce the laws of other governments.

Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement (CLCA) (also Modern Treaty): Comprehensive land claims are based on the assertion of continuing Aboriginal rights and title that were not resolved by pre-1970 treaties or other legal means. CLCAs (also known as modern treaties) cover a wide range of issues such as: jurisdiction over lands and resources, harvesting rights, subsurface rights, resource revenue-sharing, land and resource management, environmental management, and harvesting rights in offshore areas. The rights under these agreements are protected under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982).

Fiscal Financing Arrangements (FFAs): A financial arrangement put in place for a purpose set out in CLCAs or SGAs, as laid out in the associated implementation plan.

Final Agreement: The final version of a CLCA or SGA.

Implementing Bodies: Also known as institutions of public government, implementing bodies are established to manage and implement sectoral elements of CLCAs, such as resource management, environmental impact assessment, human resources development and economic development. These bodies generally consist of appointed officials from each signatory body (Aboriginal, federal, provincial/territorial). Generally, implementing bodies' annual operations are funded by Canada.

Implementation Plan: A jointly developed document that accompanies CLCAs and SGAs. The purpose of the implementation plan is to clarify the roles, responsibilities, activities and timeframes that the signatories and other implementing bodies must consider when implementing the obligations and broader objectives of agreements. Implementation plans also lay out associated funding arrangements (subject to appropriation by Parliament). Unlike the agreements themselves, implementation plans are not constitutionally protected – instead, they provide the signatories with an important "roadmap" for treaty implementation.

Jurisdiction: Law-making authority.

Renewals: Several elements of CLCAs and SGAs are renewed at regular intervals (usually 5- to 10-year increments). These include implementation plans and financial arrangements. Renewals often follow a review process and entail a negotiations process between the signatories to the agreements. Mandated renewals are important because they give the signatories an opportunity to make adjustments to treaty arrangements according to changing circumstances and lessons learned.

Review: Several types of reviews are mandated by CLCAs and SGAs. These include periodic general reviews of implementation progress; reviews of funding levels; reviews of economic provisions; and comparative reviews. Reviews provide an opportunity for the parties to identify weak points and to make recommendations on how to address them.

Self-Government Agreement (SGA): Self-government agreements, sometimes associated with CLCAs, set out arrangements for Aboriginal groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. SGAs address the structure and accountability of Aboriginal governments, their law-making powers, financial arrangements, and provision of programs and services.

Annex 2 – The New Relationship

Below are some of the differences between pre-effective date and post-effective date relationships between the signatories.

Annex 3 – Examples: Federal Departmental Implementation Obligations

It is important to note that federal departments have direct obligations stemming from the provisions of CLCAs and SGAs that generally consist of carrying out concrete activities. It is equally important to stress that many federal departments have "indirect" obligations under CLCAs and SGAs. These obligations may not involve the active fulfillment of discrete implementation activities like those in the left column. "Indirect" obligations may, for example, be contingent on a federal department's own activities; require departmental representatives to be aware of how agreements impact their own mandates/jurisdictions; or require departments to inform Aboriginal signatories of departmental actions.

Annex 4 – Implementation Plan: Example of IP Activity Sheet^{Footnote 10}

Annex 5 – Contacts

Annex 6 – Other Signatories' Roles

Annex 7 – Federal Implementation Management Framework – How the Pieces Fit Together

Description of the Federal Implementation Management Framework – How the Pieces Fit Together

The image is sectioned in three categories:

• Headquarters Executive
• Headquarters Working Level
• Regions

At the regions level:

1. INAC Regional Offices
2. Implementation Committees
3. Regional Caucuses

At the Headquarters working level:

4. INAC Implementation Branch
5. Federal Caucus
6. Federal Departments - HQ and regional offices

At the Headquarters Executive level:

7. Federal Steering Committee

Sections 1, 2, and 3 are all bi-directional (with a double-pointed arrow)

Sections 4, 5, and 6 are all bi-directional (idem)

Sections 1, 2, and 4 are all bi-directional (idem)

Sections 3, 5, and 6 are all bi-directional (idem)

Sections 5, and 7 are all bi-directional (idem)

Annex 8 – Policy and Historical Context

Annex 9 – Additional Resources

Annex 10 – Map of Land Claims and Self-Government Areas

Description of Land Claims and Self-Government Areas

The image illustrates a map of the modern treaty regions in Canada.

Each treaty is illustrated by name on the map of Canada:

• Inuvialuit Final Agreement
• Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claim Agreement
• Sahtu Dene and Métis Land Claim Agreement
• Tlicho Land Claim and Self-Government Agreement
• Yukon Umbrella Final Agreement
• Nisga'a Final Agreement
• Tsawwassen Final Agreement
• Nunavut Land Claim Agreement
• Nunavik Inuit Land Claim Agreement
• James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement and Complementary Agreements
• Labrador Inuit Land Claim Agreement

Please note: This map is intended as a general reference guide and may not reflect the exact coordinates of the referenced CLCAs and SGAs.

Yukon CLCAs and SGAs:

• Champagne and Aishihik First Nations
• Carcross/Tagish First Nation
• First Nation of Na-Cho Nyak Dun
• Kluane First Nation
• Kwanlin Dün First Nation
• Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation
• Selkirk First Nation
• Ta'an Kwäch'än Council
• Teslin Tlingit Council
• Tr'ondëk Hwëch'in First Nation
• Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation